Geographically, the South Branch of the Rancocas on the east and Cropwell Creek on the west originally bounded this area. The township was considerably larger than its present-day borders, initially encompassing what are now known as Mount Laurel, Medford, Lumberton, Hainesport, Shamong, and Washington Townships. Over time, portions of the township were sectioned off to form separate townships: Washington Township was formed on November 19, 1802, Medford Township on March 1, 1847, and Mount Laurel Township on March 7, 1872. It was officially incorporated as part of New Jersey's first 104 townships through the Township Act of 1798, enacted by the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. The extra 'R' in the name was later dropped. On November 6, 1688, Evesham Township was established as 'Eversham' in the Province of West Jersey, preceding the formation of the county itself.

The township's name may have been inspired by the town of Evesham in England or possibly by a prominent English settler, Thomas Eves. The area now known as Evesham Township was originally settled by Quakers in 1672.

The township is part of the South Jersey region of the state and, along with all of Burlington County, is a part of the Philadelphia- Reading- Camden combined statistical area and the Delaware Valley. Colloquially, the area is referred to as Marlton, the name of a community within the township. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 46,826, an increase of 1,288 (+2.8%) from the 2010 census count of 45,538, which in turn reflected an increase of 3,263 (+7.7%) from the 42,275 counted in the 2000 census.

It is a suburb of Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-most populous city. Evesham Township is a township in Burlington County, in the U.S.

Evesham township municipal court